With the crowning of the Carolingian leader Charles "the Great" by Pope Leo III in Rome of Christmas Day in 800 C.E.-a symbolic act recalling the coronation of Saul by the high priest Samuel and consolidation of the tribes of Israel into a monarchy some two thousand years earlier-Charlemagne assumed leadership of a new Holy (Christian) Roman Empire.
The expansion and consolidation of large manors enabled the resumption of trade and the emergence of an artisan class. A feudal, or manorial system emerged based on reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals to provide protection and service respectively. With the demise of centralized Roman government in the West, trade, infrastructure, learning, and security declined. The period of the Middle Ages is usually dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century to the beginning of the Renaissance in the fifteenth century.
The Middle Ages form the middle period in a traditional division of European history into three "epochs": the classical civilization of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era. Representation of the tripartite social order of the Middle Ages – oratores "those who pray" (cleric), bellatores "those who fight" (knight), and laboratories "those who work" (workman: peasant, worker, member of the lower middle class) book illustration France XIII century.
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